91 FR 45247 · published 2026-07-20
· Commerce Department, International Trade Administration
Mirrored from the Federal Register (retrieved 2026-08-08) —
the official copy is at federalregister.gov
(their site may ask for human verification).
[Federal Register Volume 91, Number 137 (Monday, July 20, 2026)]
[Notices]
[Pages 45247-45251]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2026-14519]
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
International Trade Administration
[C-570-239]
Certain Choline Salts From the People's Republic of China:
Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation
AGENCY: Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade Administration,
Department of Commerce.
DATES: Applicable July 14, 2026.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelsie Hohenberger, Office V, AD/CVD
Operations, Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20230; telephone: (202) 482-2517.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
The Petition
On June 24, 2026, the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce)
received a countervailing duty (CVD) petition concerning imports of
certain choline salts (choline salts) from the People's Republic of
China (China), filed in proper form on behalf of BCP Ingredients, Inc.
(the petitioner), a domestic producer of choline salts.\1\ The CVD
Petition was accompanied by an antidumping duty (AD) petition
concerning imports of choline salts from China.\2\
\1\ See Petitioner's Letter, ``Petition for the Imposition of
Antidumping and Countervailing Duties,'' dated June 24, 2026
(Petition).
\2\ Id.
Between June 29 and July 7, 2026, Commerce requested supplemental
information pertaining to certain aspects of the Petition in
supplemental questionnaires.\3\ Between July 2 and July 9, 2026, the
petitioner filed timely responses to these requests for additional
information.\4\
\3\ See Commerce's Letters, ``General Issues Supplemental
Questions,'' dated June 29, 2026 (First General Issues
Questionnaire); ``CVD Supplemental Questions,'' dated June 29, 2026
(China CVD Supplemental Questionnaire); and ``Second General Issues
Supplemental Questions,'' dated July 7, 2026 (Second General Issues
Questionnaire).
\4\ See Petitioner's Letters, ``Response to General Issues
Supplemental Questions,'' dated July 2, 2026 (First General Issues
Supplement); ``Response to Countervailing Duty Supplemental
Questions,'' dated July 2, 2026 (China CVD Supplement); and
``Response to Second General Issues Supplemental Questions,'' dated
July 9, 2026 (Second General Issues Supplement).
In accordance with section 702(b)(1) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended (the Act), the petitioner alleges that the Government of China
(GOC) is providing countervailable subsidies, within the meaning of
sections 701 and
771(5) of the Act, to producers of choline salts from China, and that
such imports are materially injuring, or threatening material injury
to, the domestic industry producing choline salts in the United States.
Consistent with section 702(b)(1) of the Act and 19 CFR 351.202(b), for
those alleged programs on which we are initiating a CVD investigation,
the Petition was accompanied by information reasonably available to the
petitioner supporting its allegations.
Commerce finds that the petitioner filed the Petition on behalf of
the domestic industry, because the petitioner is an interested party,
as defined in section 771(9)(C) of the Act. Commerce also finds that
the petitioner demonstrated sufficient industry support with respect to
the initiation of the requested CVD investigation.\5\
\5\ See section on ``Determination of Industry Support for the
Petition,'' infra.
Period of Investigation (POI)
Because the Petition was filed on June 24, 2026, the POI is January
1, 2025, through December 31, 2025.\6\
\6\ See 19 CFR 351.204(b)(2).
Scope of the Investigation
The product covered by this investigation is choline salts from
China. For a full description of the scope of this investigation, see
the appendix to this notice.
Comments on the Scope of the Investigation
Between June 29 and July 10, 2026, Commerce requested information
and clarification from the petitioner regarding the proposed scope to
ensure that the scope language in the Petition is an accurate
reflection of the products for which the domestic industry is seeking
relief.\7\ Between July 2 and July 10, 2026, the petitioner provided
clarifications and revised the scope.\8\ The description of merchandise
covered by this investigation, as described in the appendix to this
notice, reflects these clarifications.
\7\ See First General Issues Questionnaire; see also Second
General Issues Questionnaire; and Memorandum ``Teleconference with
Counsel to the Petitioner,'' dated July 10, 2026 (Scope Call
Memorandum).
\8\ See First General Issues Supplement at 3-10; see also Second
General Issues Supplement at 1-5; and Scope Call Memorandum.
As discussed in the Preamble to Commerce's regulations, we are
setting aside a period for interested parties to raise issues regarding
product coverage (i.e., scope).\9\ Commerce will consider all scope
comments received from interested parties and, if necessary, will
consult with interested parties prior to the issuance of the
preliminary determination. If scope comments include factual
information, all such factual information should be limited to public
information.\10\ Commerce requests that interested parties provide at
the beginning of their scope comments a public executive summary for
each comment or issue raised in their submission. Commerce further
requests that interested parties limit their public executive summary
of each comment or issue to no more than 450 words, not including
citations. Commerce intends to use the public executive summaries as
the basis of the comment summaries included in the analysis of scope
comments. To facilitate preparation of its questionnaires, Commerce
requests that scope comments be submitted by 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time
(ET) on August 3, 2026, which is 20 calendar days from the signature
date of this notice. Any rebuttal comments, which may include factual
information, and should also be limited to public information, must be
filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on August 13, 2026, which is 10 calendar days
from the initial comment deadline.
\9\ See Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, Final Rule,
62 FR 27296, 27323 (May 19, 1997) (Preamble); see also 19 CFR
351.312.
\10\ See 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) (defining ``factual
information'').
Commerce requests that any factual information that parties
consider relevant to the scope of this investigation be submitted
during that period. However, if a party subsequently finds that
additional factual information pertaining to the scope of the
investigation may be relevant, the party must contact Commerce and
request permission to submit the additional information. All scope
comments must be filed simultaneously on the records of the concurrent
AD and CVD investigations.
Filing Requirements
All submissions to Commerce must be filed electronically via
Enforcement and Compliance's Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty
Centralized Electronic Service System (ACCESS), unless an exception
applies.\11\ An electronically filed document must be received
successfully in its entirety by the time and date it is due.
\11\ See Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings:
Electronic Filing Procedures; Administrative Protective Order
Procedures, 76 FR 39263 (July 6, 2011); see also Enforcement and
Compliance; Change of Electronic Filing System Name, 79 FR 69046
(November 20, 2014), for details of Commerce's electronic filing
requirements, effective August 5, 2011. Information on using ACCESS
can be found at https://access.trade.gov/help and a handbook can be
found at https://access.trade.gov/ACCESS%20Handbook%20on%20Electronic%20Filing%20Procedures_March2026.pdf.
Consultations
Pursuant to sections 702(b)(4)(A)(i) and (ii) of the Act, Commerce
notified the GOC of the receipt of the Petition and provided an
opportunity for consultations with respect to the Petition.\12\ The GOC
filed consultation remarks in lieu of consultations on July 10,
2026.\13\
\12\ See Commerce's Letter, ``Invitation for Consultations to
Discuss the Countervailing Duty Petition,'' dated June 24, 2026.
\13\ See GOC's Letter, ``Comments on CVD Petition on Certain
Choline Salts from China (C-570-239),'' dated July 10, 2026.
Determination of Industry Support for the Petition
Section 702(b)(1) of the Act requires that a petition be filed on
behalf of the domestic industry. Section 702(c)(4)(A) of the Act
provides that a petition meets this requirement if the domestic
producers or workers who support the petition account for: (i) at least
25 percent of the total production of the domestic like product; and
(ii) more than 50 percent of the production of the domestic like
product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support
for, or opposition to, the petition. Moreover, section 702(c)(4)(D) of
the Act provides that, if the petition does not establish support of
domestic producers or workers accounting for more than 50 percent of
the total production of the domestic like product, Commerce shall: (i)
poll the industry or rely on other information in order to determine if
there is support for the petition, as required by subparagraph (A); or
(ii) determine industry support using a statistically valid sampling
method to poll the ``industry.''
Section 771(4)(A) of the Act defines the ``industry'' as the
producers as a whole of a domestic like product. Thus, to determine
whether a petition has the requisite industry support, the statute
directs Commerce to look to producers and workers who produce the
domestic like product. The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC),
which is responsible for determining whether ``the domestic industry''
has been injured, must also determine what constitutes a domestic like
product in order to define the industry. While both Commerce and the
ITC apply the same statutory definition regarding the domestic like
product,\14\ they do so for different purposes and pursuant to a
separate and distinct authority. In addition, Commerce's determination
is subject to limitations of time and
information. Although this may result in different definitions of the
like product, such differences do not render the decision of either
agency contrary to law.\15\
\14\ See section 771(10) of the Act.
\15\ See USEC, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.Supp. 2d 1, 8 (CIT
2001) (citing Algoma Steel Corp., Ltd. v. United States, 688 F.Supp.
639, 644 (CIT 1988), aff'd Algoma Steel Corp., Ltd. v. United
States, 865 F.2d 240 (Fed. Cir. 1989)).
Section 771(10) of the Act defines the domestic like product as ``a
product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in
characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation
under this title.'' Thus, the reference point from which the domestic
like product analysis begins is ``the article subject to an
investigation'' (i.e., the class or kind of merchandise to be
investigated, which normally will be the scope as defined in the
petition).
With regard to the domestic like product, the petitioner does not
offer a definition of the domestic like product distinct from the scope
of the investigation.\16\ Based on our analysis of the information
submitted on the record, we have determined that choline salts, as
defined in the scope, constitute a single domestic like product, and we
have analyzed industry support in terms of that domestic like
product.\17\
\16\ For a discussion of the domestic like product analysis as
applied to this case and information regarding industry support, see
Checklist, ``Countervailing Duty Investigation Initiation Checklist:
Certain Choline Salts from the People's Republic of China,'' dated
concurrently with, and hereby adopted by, this notice (China CVD
Initiation Checklist), at Attachment II, Analysis of Industry
Support for the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Petitions
Covering Certain Choline Salts from the People's Republic of China
(Attachment II). This checklist is on file electronically via
ACCESS.
\17\ For further discussion, see Attachment II of the China CVD
Initiation Checklist.
In determining whether the petitioner has standing under section
702(c)(4)(A) of the Act, we considered the industry support data
contained in the Petition with reference to the domestic like product
as defined in the ``Scope of the Investigation,'' in the appendix to
this notice. To establish industry support, the petitioner provided its
own production of the domestic like product in 2025 and compared this
to the total production of the domestic like product for the U.S.
choline salts industry.\18\ We relied on data provided by the
petitioner for purposes of measuring industry support.\19\
\18\ Id.
\19\ Id.
Our review of the data provided in the Petition, the First and
Second General Issues Supplements, and other information readily
available to Commerce indicates that the petitioner has established
industry support for the Petition.\20\ First, the Petition established
support from domestic producers (or workers) accounting for more than
50 percent of the total production of the domestic like product and, as
such, Commerce is not required to take further action in order to
evaluate industry support (e.g., polling).\21\ Second, the domestic
producers (or workers) have met the statutory criteria for industry
support under section 702(c)(4)(A)(i) of the Act because the domestic
producers (or workers) who support the Petition account for at least 25
percent of the total production of the domestic like product.\22\
Finally, the domestic producers (or workers) have met the statutory
criteria for industry support under section 702(c)(4)(A)(ii) of the Act
because the domestic producers (or workers) who support the Petition
account for more than 50 percent of the production of the domestic like
product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support
for, or opposition to, the Petition.\23\ Accordingly, Commerce
determines that the Petition was filed on behalf of the domestic
industry within the meaning of section 702(b)(1) of the Act.\24\
\20\ Id.
\21\ Id.; see also section 702(c)(4)(D) of the Act.
\22\ See Attachment II of the China CVD Initiation Checklist.
\23\ Id.
\24\ Id.
Injury Test
Because China is a ``Subsidies Agreement Country'' within the
meaning of section 701(b) of the Act, section 701(a)(2) of the Act
applies to this investigation. Accordingly, the ITC must determine
whether imports of the subject merchandise from China materially
injure, or threaten material injury to, a U.S. industry.
Allegations and Evidence of Material Injury and Causation
The petitioner alleges that imports of the subject merchandise are
benefiting from countervailable subsidies and that such imports are
causing, or threaten to cause, material injury to the U.S. industry
producing the domestic like product. In addition, the petitioner
alleges that subject imports from China exceed the negligibility
threshold provided for under section 771(24)(A) of the Act.\25\
\25\ Id. at Attachment III, Analysis of Allegations and Evidence
of Material Injury and Causation for the Antidumping and
Countervailing Duty Petitions Covering Certain Choline Salts from
the People's Republic of China.
The petitioner contends that the industry's injured condition is
illustrated by a significant increase in the volume of subject imports;
reduced market share; lost sales and revenues; underselling and price
depression and suppression; declines in production, capacity
utilization, and employment variables; and negative impact on financial
performance.\26\ We assessed the allegations and supporting evidence
regarding material injury, threat of material injury, causation, as
well as negligibility, and we have determined that these allegations
are properly supported by adequate evidence, and meet the statutory
requirements for initiation.\27\
\26\ Id.
\27\ Id.
Initiation of CVD Investigation
Based upon the examination of the Petition and supplemental
responses, we find that they meet the requirements of section 702 of
the Act. Therefore, we are initiating a CVD investigation to determine
whether imports of choline salts from China benefit from
countervailable subsidies conferred by the GOC. In accordance with
section 703(b)(1) of the Act and 19 CFR 351.205(b)(1), unless
postponed, we will make our preliminary determination no later than 65
days after the date of this initiation.
Based on our review of the Petition, we find that there is
sufficient information to initiate a CVD investigation on 43 programs
alleged by the petitioner. For a full discussion of the basis for our
decision to initiate on each program, see the China CVD Initiation
Checklist. A public version of the initiation checklist for this
investigation is available on ACCESS.
Respondent Selection
In the Petition, the petitioner identified 92 companies in
China.\28\ Commerce intends to follow its standard practice in CVD
investigations and calculate company-specific subsidy rates in the
investigation. In the event Commerce determines that the number of
companies is large, and it cannot individually examine each company
based upon Commerce's resources, where appropriate, Commerce intends to
select mandatory respondents based on U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) data for imports under the appropriate Harmonized
Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading listed in the
``Scope of the Investigation,'' in the appendix.
\28\ See Petition at Volume I (pages 45-47 and Exhibit I-1); see
also First General Issues Supplement at 1-2 and Exhibit I-1 (rev.).
On July 8, 2026, Commerce released CBP data on imports of choline
salts from China under administrative
protective order (APO) to all parties with access to information
protected by APO and indicated that interested parties wishing to
comment on CBP data and/or respondent selection must do so within three
days of the publication date of the notice of initiation of this
investigation.\29\ Comments must be filed electronically using ACCESS.
An electronically filed document must be received successfully in its
entirety via ACCESS by 5:00 p.m. ET on the specified deadline. Commerce
will not accept rebuttal comments regarding the CBP data or respondent
selection.
\29\ See Memorandum, ``Release of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Entry Data,'' dated July 8, 2026.
Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305(b). Instructions for filing such
applications may be found on Commerce's website at https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders.
Distribution of a Copy of the Petition
In accordance with section 702(b)(4)(A) of the Act and 19 CFR
351.202(f), a copy of the public version of the Petition has been
provided to the GOC via ACCESS. To the extent practicable, we will
attempt to provide a copy of the public version of the Petition to each
exporter named in the Petition, as provided under 19 CFR 351.203(c)(2).
ITC Notification
Commerce will notify the ITC of its initiation, as required by
section 702(d) of the Act.
Preliminary Determination by the ITC
The ITC will preliminarily determine, within 45 days after the date
on which the Petition was filed, whether there is a reasonable
indication that imports of choline salts from China are materially
injuring, or threatening material injury to, a U.S. industry.\30\ A
negative ITC determination will result in the investigation being
terminated.\31\ Otherwise, this CVD investigation will proceed
according to statutory and regulatory time limits.
\30\ See section 703(a)(1) of the Act.
\31\ Id.
Submission of Factual Information
Factual information is defined in 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) as: (i)
evidence submitted in response to questionnaires; (ii) evidence
submitted in support of allegations; (iii) publicly available
information to value factors of production under 19 CFR 351.408(c) or
to measure the adequacy of remuneration under 19 CFR 351.511(a)(2);
(iv) evidence placed on the record by Commerce; and (v) evidence other
than factual information described in (i)-(iv). Section 351.301(b) of
Commerce's regulations requires any party, when submitting factual
information, to specify under which subsection of 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21)
the information is being submitted \32\ and, if the information is
submitted to rebut, clarify, or correct factual information already on
the record, to provide an explanation identifying the information
already on the record that the factual information seeks to rebut,
clarify, or correct.\33\ Time limits for the submission of factual
information are addressed in 19 CFR 351.301, which provides specific
time limits based on the type of factual information being submitted.
Interested parties should review the regulations prior to submitting
factual information in this investigation.
\32\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b).
\33\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b)(2).
Extensions of Time Limits
Parties may request an extension of time limits before the
expiration of a time limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as
otherwise specified by Commerce. In general, an extension request will
be considered untimely if it is filed after the expiration of the time
limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as otherwise specified by
Commerce.\34\ For submissions that are due from multiple parties
simultaneously, an extension request will be considered untimely if it
is filed after 10:00 a.m. ET on the due date. Under certain
circumstances, Commerce may elect to specify a different time limit by
which extension requests will be considered untimely for submissions
which are due from multiple parties simultaneously. In such a case, we
will inform parties in a letter or memorandum of the deadline
(including a specified time) by which extension requests must be filed
to be considered timely. An extension request must be made in a
separate, standalone submission; under limited circumstances we will
grant untimely filed requests for the extension of time limits, where
we determine, based on 19 CFR 351.302, that extraordinary circumstances
exist. Parties should review Commerce's regulations concerning the
extension of time limits and the Time Limits Final Rule prior to
submitting factual information in this investigation.\35\
\34\ See 19 CFR 351.302.
\35\ See 19 CFR 351.301; see also Extension of Time Limits;
Final Rule, 78 FR 57790 (September 20, 2013) (Time Limits Final
Rule), available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-09-20/html/2013-22853.htm.
Certification Requirements
Any party submitting factual information in an AD or CVD proceeding
must certify to the accuracy and completeness of that information.\36\
Parties must use the certification formats provided in 19 CFR
351.303(g).\37\ Commerce intends to reject factual submissions if the
submitting party does not comply with the applicable certification
requirements.
\36\ See section 782(b) of the Act.
\37\ See Certification of Factual Information to Import
Administration During Antidumping and Countervailing Duty
Proceedings, 78 FR 42678 (July 17, 2013) (Final Rule); see also
frequently asked questions regarding the Final Rule, available at
https://enforcement.trade.gov/tlei/notices/factual_info_final_rule_FAQ_07172013.pdf.
Notification to Interested Parties
Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305. Parties wishing to participate
in this investigation should ensure that they meet the requirements of
19 CFR 351.103(d) (e.g., by filing the required letters of appearance).
Note that Commerce has amended certain of its requirements pertaining
to the service of documents in 19 CFR 351.303(f).\38\
\38\ See Administrative Protective Order, Service, and Other
Procedures in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings, 88 FR
67069 (September 29, 2023).
This notice is issued and published pursuant to sections 702 and
777(i) of the Act, and 19 CFR 351.203(c).
Dated: July 14, 2026.
Christopher Abbott,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Negotiations, performing the
non-exclusive functions and duties of the Assistant Secretary for
Enforcement and Compliance.
Appendix
Scope of the Investigation
The merchandise covered by this investigation is certain choline
salts, in all forms and purities, that are capable of delivering the
nutrient choline. Subject choline salts may or may not contain
additives such as a vegetable or mineral carrier or an anti-caking
agent and may or may not be coated or encapsulated, such as in a
lipid. For choline salts that contain non-choline salt components,
such as a carrier or coating, the entire article is covered,
including the non-choline salt content, provided that the choline
salt content constitutes at least 30 percent by weight.
Choline salts are organic compounds and quaternary ammonium
salts. Subject merchandise includes, but is not limited to, the
following choline salts in their aqueous, crystallized, dried, or
encapsulated forms:
Choline chloride, which exists as a colorless aqueous
solution and as a white, crystalline powder which may or may not be
mixed with vegetable, inorganic, or fat-based carriers. It has the
molecular formula
[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+
Cl-. It may also be referred to as (2-hydroxyethyl)
trimethylammonium chloride, and its molecular formula may also be
expressed as C5H14NO.Cl or
C5H14ClNO. The Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS) registry number for choline chloride is 67-48-1; the Flavoring
Extract Manufacturers' Association (FEMA) number is 4500; the
PubChem number is 6209; and the European Community (EC) number is
200-655-4;
Choline bitartrate, which is a white crystalline powder
with the molecular formula
(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH+
HOOC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COO-.
It may be referred to as (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium-L-(+)-
tartrate salt, and its molecular formula may also be expressed as
C5H14NO.C4H5O6
or C9H19NO7. Choline bitartrate
has the CAS registry number 87-67-2; the PubChem number 6900; and
the EC number 201-763-4;
Choline dihydrogen citrate, which is a white
crystalline powder with the molecular formula
C11H21NO8 and may be referred to as
(2-hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium citrate. Choline dihydrogen
citrate has the CAS registry number 77-91-8; the PubChem number
66170; and the EC number 201-068-6.
This investigation covers choline salts for which the reaction
of trimethylamine and ethylene oxide occurs in the subject country.
The merchandise subject to this investigation includes choline salts
in their aqueous or dried form that are processed in a third
country, including, but not limited to, refining, drying,
encapsulating, blending, or any other processing that would not
otherwise remove the merchandise from the scope of this
investigation if performed in the country of manufacture of the in-
scope choline salt. Choline salts subject to this investigation are
not excluded when commingled with choline salts from sources not
subject to this investigation. Only the subject component of such
commingled products is covered by the scope of this investigation.
Excluded from the scope of this investigation is choline
hydroxide, which has the molecular formula
C5H15NO2, the CAS registry number
123-41-1, the PubChem number 31255, and the EC number 204-625-1.
Also excluded is choline salicylate, which has the molecular formula
C12H19NO4, the CAS registry number
2016-36-6, the PubChem number 54686350, and the EC number 217-948-8.
Also excluded from the scope of the investigation are any
products already covered by the scope of any extant antidumping and/
or countervailing duty orders, including 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid from India and the People's Republic of China: Antidumping Duty
Orders, 90 FR 22243 (May 27, 2025), and including 2,4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid from the People's Republic of China and
India: Countervailing Duty Orders, 90 FR 22232 (May 27, 2025).
The choline salts subject to this investigation are classified
under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)
subheading 2923.10.0000. Subject choline salts of dried choline
chloride may also enter under HTSUS subheadings 2309.90.1005,
2309.90.1015, 2309.90.1020, 2309.90.1030, 2309.90.1032,
2309.90.1035, 2309.90.1045, 2309.90.1050, 2309.90.9500, and
3824.99.9397. Although the HTSUS subheadings and CAS registry
numbers are provided for convenience and customs purposes, the
written description of the scope of this investigation is
dispositive.
[FR Doc. 2026-14519 Filed 7-17-26; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-DS-P
Public-domain US Government work, mirrored verbatim by the Trimtab US Trade Ledger for citation stability. All tariff paper →